Born Araminta Ross around 1822 on a plantation in Dorchester County, Maryland, Harriet Tubman endured the full brutality of American slavery from childhood. She was hired out to neighboring farms, suffered severe beatings, and at age twelve sustained a traumatic head injury when an overseer threw a two-pound metal weight at another enslaved person and struck her instead. The injury caused narcoleptic episodes and vivid visions throughout her life — which she interpreted as divine guidance.

In 1849, facing the prospect of being sold further south, Tubman escaped north to Philadelphia. She later recalled: 'When I found I had crossed that line, I looked at my hands to see if I was the same person. There was such a glory over everything; the sun came like gold through the trees, and over the fields, and I felt like I was in Heaven.' But she could not rest. 'I was free, but there was no one to welcome me to the land of freedom. I was a stranger in a strange land; and home, after all, was down in Maryland.'

Over the next decade, Tubman made at least thirteen missions back into slave territory, guiding family members and strangers northward along the network of safe houses and sympathizers known as the Underground Railroad. She carried a pistol and was known to tell wavering freedom-seekers: 'You'll be free or die.' She never lost a passenger. Slaveholders posted rewards totaling $40,000 for her capture — a sum that would be millions in today's dollars.

When the Civil War began, Tubman offered her services to the Union Army. She worked as a nurse, cook, and spy, gathering intelligence from enslaved people behind Confederate lines. In June 1863, she guided Colonel James Montgomery and 150 Black Union soldiers up the Combahee River in South Carolina, liberating more than 700 enslaved people in a single night — the only military operation in American history planned and led by a woman.

After the war, Tubman settled in Auburn, New York, where she established a home for elderly African Americans and became active in the women's suffrage movement, working alongside Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. She died in 1913, surrounded by friends and family, reportedly saying: 'I go to prepare a place for you.' She was buried with military honors.